Lilies and clouds

Indian architecture and decorative arts achieved a high level of development under the Mughals. In spite of their appetite for conquest, rebellions against their fathers and murder of their own brothers, the Mughal emperors were educated, steeped in Persian influenced literature, architecture and arts with a highly refined aesthetic sensibility. Like their contemporaries, the Safavids in Iran and Ottomans in Turkey, the Mughals devoted considerable resources to ambitious building projects and also patronised the decorative arts and miniature painting.

Akbar (ruled 1556–1605), Jahangir (ruled 1605–27), Shah Jahan (ruled 1627–58) and Aurangzeb (ruled 1658–1707) were the four most long-lived Mughal emperors. These rulers are credited with founding and often personally supervising workshops that manufactured sumptuous carpets, textiles and gorgeous metallic, crystal, ivory and enamelled objects.

Imperial patronage of Buddhism in India has a distinguished history between the 3rd century BC and the 12th century AD. During this period, magnificent Buddhist monasteries and stupas were built. Emperor Ashoka’s (ruled about 268–232 BC) of the Maurya dynasty, an early patron of Buddhism was famed by his rock and pillar edicts, the earliest monumental inscriptions of South Asia.

Following the physical death and cremation of the Buddha, his relics were transported across northern India and stupas (hemispherical monuments enshrining relics) were built to house them, which became important places of veneration and pilgrimage (probably at the end of the 4th century BC).

Buddhism flourished throughout the region of Gandhara (across the border of modern-day Pakistan and Afghanistan) between the 1st and mid-4th centuries AD under Indo-Scythian, Indo-Parthian and Kushan rule. A distinctive sculpture tradition developed and was responsible for the creation of the earliest sculpted images of the Buddhist religion. These images were commissioned and donated by the Kushan kings, the local population and also pilgrims. In the later period, stucco replaced stone. Gandharan sculpture combines Indian iconography with Hellenistic sculpture traditions, echoing the heritage left by Alexander the Great and his armies in the 4th century BC.